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Posted by Fr. Gordon J. MacRae on November 17, 2010 25 Comments

The True Story of Thanksgiving: Squanto, the Pilgrims, and the Pope

We and the Mayflower Pilgrims owe thanks to the Pope and some Catholic priests for the Thanksgiving of 1621 with Squanto and the Plymouth Colony.

Growing up within sight of Boston, Massachusetts meant lots of grade school field trips to the earliest landmarks of America. We looked forward to those excursions because they meant a day out of school. The only downside was the inevitable essay. Back then, I had no love for either history or essays. Go figure!

Some field trips are vividly remembered even a half century later. A visit to the deck of “Old Ironsides,” the U.S.S. Constitution in Boston Harbor, stands out as the most exciting. My friend, Pornchai’s reproduction of Old Ironsides pictured in “Come, Sail Away!” reminded me of that day. Visits to the sites of the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, and Paul Revere’s famous ride also stand out as great adventures in hands-on U.S. history – the essays notwithstanding.

Then there was the trip to Plymouth Rock (YAWN!), the most underwhelming national monument in America. Everyone of us emerged from the bus to file past Plymouth Rock while poor Mr. Dawson had to listen to an endless cascade of “That’s IT?!”

Plymouth-Rock

“Dedham granodiorite.” That’s the scientific name of the rock where the Mayflower Pilgrims were left to settle in the New World in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts. Plymouth Rock was noted and described in the Pilgrims’ journals, but it fell into obscurity for a century until the town of Plymouth decided to build a wharf in 1741. That’s when 94-year-old church elder Thomas Faunce set out to identify Plymouth Rock and mark the site. Thirty-four years later, the town moved the rock to a more prominent location, accidentally breaking it in half in the process. Only the top half made its way to the town’s new site.

Then shopkeepers began chiseling away at it, selling chunks to tourists for $1.50 each. Over the ensuing years, Plymouth Rock was moved again and again, split in half a second time, cemented back together, then what was left of it ended up surrounded by a concrete portico to become the nation’s first national landmark.

Plymouth-Rock-2

THE DAY THE EARTH STOOD STILL

I was ten years old in the sixth grade, a year younger than most of my class, when we journeyed to Plymouth Rock on November 21, 1963. The biggest crisis I faced was Cynthia Little sticking bubble-gum in my hair on the boring bus ride home. Yes, I remember having hair about as vaguely as I remember Plymouth Rock.

So why do I remember at all? The next day was November 22, 1963. I arrived at school with a bald spot where the bubble-gum had been – though with no idea of how prophetic that would be. I came armed with some bubble-gum of my own destined for Cynthia Little’s hair, but it was never delivered. You might already have guessed why.

The day after our field trip to Plymouth Rock was “The Day the Earth Stood Still,” the day President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. If I associated Plymouth Rock with the birth of our nation, this day was the day the Sun set on our childhood. “The Day the Earth Stood Still,” the post I wrote about that day and the decade to follow, might be a good preparation for Thanksgiving, which is why I’m posting this a week early. Even if you’re not reading this in the United States, the events of those days shifted the destiny of the entire western world. We survived that crisis, and many to follow, with faith intact despite all we’ve lost. We’ve even marked a few gains and triumphs along the way. I wrote of some last January in “Prophets on the Path to Peace.” We still have much to be thankful for.

YOU CAN SAY THAT AGAIN!

Every year since 1961 on the day before Thanksgiving, The Wall Street Journal publishes the same two lead editorials by Vermont C. Royster. They are considered classics. ”The Desolate Wilderness” describes the purpose and plight of the Puritan founders of New England who left such a deeply engraved mark, for better or worse, on the spirit of this nation. “And the Fair Land” lays out the free market foundation upon which American enterprise was built. These editorials are now a Thanksgiving tradition, and if the WSJ can get away with annual repetition, so can I.

On the day before Thanksgiving last year, I posted “Before the Mayflower: Pilgrims and Priests.” Some TSW readers wished I had posted it earlier because they were too busy to read it before Thanksgiving. So this year I’m revisiting the story of Squanto and the Pilgrims, with a few additions and updates, and posting it a week before Thanksgiving in the hope it might be Tweeted, pinged, e-mailed, and otherwise shared.

The lack of awe inspired by Plymouth Rock is in inverse proportion to the story of how the Pilgrims came to stand upon it. Every grade school student knows the tale of the Mayflower. In 1620, its pilgrim sojourners fled religious persecution from the established Church of England. They embarked on a long and treacherous voyage across the Atlantic in the leaky, top-heavy Mayflower. Landing at Plymouth, Massachusetts, the Pilgrims befriended the native occupants, endured many hardships, then, after a successful first harvest in the New World, celebrated a Thanksgiving feast with their Native American friends in the autumn of 1621.

That story is true, as far as it goes, but the story your grade school history book omitted is downright fascinating, and every Catholic should know of it. Before boarding the Mayflower, the Pilgrims were called “Separatists.” The religious “persecution” they came here to flee consisted mostly of their determination to purge the remnants of Catholicism from the established Church of England.

Author, Philip Lawler summarized their agenda in his book, The Faithful Departed: The Collapse of Boston’s Catholic Culture (Encounter Books, 2008):

“[T]he Puritans were campaigning against the lingering traces of Catholicism. Decades of brutal persecution – first under Henry VIII, then under Elizabeth I – had eliminated the Roman Church from English public life in the sixteenth century; the country’s few remaining faithful Catholics had been driven underground. For the Puritans, that was not enough ••• They were determined to erase any vestigial belief in the sacraments, any deference to an ecclesiastical hierarchy.” (The Faithful Departed, p. 22).

The Pilgrims came here to establish a New World theocracy, a religiously oriented society that would reflect their religious fervor which was also anti-Catholic.

Puritan-Anti-Catholicism

Puritanism deeply affected the American national character, but as I wrote last week in “At the Twilight’s Last Gleaming,” I wonder if the Pilgrims would even recognize the American religious landscape of today. It is far from what they envisioned.

The Puritan Pilgrims were not always considered the survivors of religious persecution American history made them out to be. Writer, H.L. Mencken described Puritanism as “the haunting fear that someone, somewhere, may be happy.” And G.K. Chesterton once famously remarked:

“In America, they have a feast to celebrate the arrival of the Pilgrims. Here in England, we should have a feast to celebrate their departure.”

PILGRIMS’ PROGRESS

When the Pilgrims stepped off the Mayflower on December 11, 1620, they were not at all prepared for life in the New World. They were originally destined to colonize what is now Virginia, but the Mayflower veered badly off course. They also considered settling at the mouth of the Hudson River in modern day New York, but Dutch traders conspired to prevent it.

Before leaving England on September 16, 1620, the Pilgrims used their meager resources to purchase a second ship to sail along with the Mayflower and remain with them in the New World. That vessel was called the Speedwell. It was anything but well, however, nor was it speedy. Just 200 miles off the English coast, the Speedwell was sinking. Those aboard had to transfer to the crowded Mayflower while the Speedwell returned to England. There was evidence that the Speedwell was intentionally rigged to fail, leaving the colonists with no vessel with which to explore once the Mayflower departed.

Gordon MacRae Falsely Accused Priest Before the Mayflower Pilgrims and Priests 3

The voyage across the Atlantic was delayed for months, finally landing the Pilgrims in New England at the start of winter. There were 102 aboard the Mayflower when it left England, but by the end of their first winter in the New World, only half that number were still alive. Unable to plant in the dead of winter, their first encounter with the indigenous people of coastal Massachusetts – known to those who lived there as “The Dawn Land” – came when the near starving Pilgrims stole ten bushels of maize from an Indian storage site on Cape Cod. It was not a good beginning.

Massasoit

Massasoit, the “sachem” (leader) of the once powerful Wampanoag tribe, was not at all enamored of the visitors, and the fact that they seemed intent on staying disturbed him greatly. The Pilgrims had no way to know that prior European visitors to those shores left diseases to which the people of The Dawn Land had no natural resistance. By the time the Pilgrims arrived, 95% of the indigenous population of New England, including the Wampanoag, had been decimated.

Still, Massasoit could have easily overtaken and destroyed the invaders, who were barely surviving, but they had something he wanted. Massasoit feared that his tribe’s weakened state might spark an invasion from rivals to the south, and he noted that the Pilgrims had a few cannons and guns that could help even the odds.

THE PILGRIMS MEET “THE WRATH OF GOD”

So instead of attacking the Pilgrims, Massasoit sent an emissary in the person of Tisquantum, known to history as Squanto. He was actually a captive of Massasoit and arrived just weeks before the Pilgrims. Tisquantum was likely not his original name. In the language of the people of The Dawn Land, Tisquantum meant the equivalent of “the wrath of God.” It may have been a name given to him, and, as you’ll see below, perhaps for good reason.

 

Squanto was to become the primary force behind the Pilgrims’ unlikely survival in the New World. On March 22, 1621, the vernal equinox, Squanto walked out of the forest into the middle of the Pilgrims’ ramshackle base at Plymouth, a settlement known to Squanto as Patuxet. That place was once his home. To the Pilgrims’ amazement, Squanto spoke nearly perfect English, and arrived prepared to remain with them and guide them through everything from fishing to agriculture to negotiations with the nervous and well-armed Massasoit and the Wampanoag.

As historian Charles C. Mann wrote in “Native Intelligence,” (Smithsonian, December 2005), “Tisquantum was critical to the colony’s survival.” Squanto taught them to plant the native corn they had stolen instead of just eating it, and he negotiated a fair trade for the theft of the corn. The Pilgrims’ own supplies of grain and barley all failed in the New World soil while the native corn gave them a life-saving crop. Squanto taught them how to fish, and how to fertilize the soil with the remains of the fish they caught. Most importantly, Squanto served as an advocate and interpreter for the Pilgrims with Massasoit, averting almost certain annihilation of the weakened and distrusted foreigners.

A CATHOLIC RESCUE

For their part, the Pilgrims interpreted Squanto’s presence and intervention as acts of Divine Providence. They had no idea just how much Providence was involved. It is the story of Squanto – of how he came to be in that place at that very time, and of how he came to speak fluent English – that is the most fascinating story behind the first Thanksgiving.

In 1614, six years before the arrival of the Mayflower, Captain John Smith – the same man rescued by Pocahontas in another famous tale – led two British vessels to the coast of Maine to barter for fish and furs. When Smith departed from the Maine shore, he left a lieutenant, Thomas Hunt, in command to load his ship with dried fish.

Without consultation, Thomas Hunt sailed his ship south to what is now called Cape Cod Bay. Anchored off the coast of Patuxet (now Plymouth) in 1614, Hunt and his men invited two dozen curious native villagers aboard the ship. One of them was Squanto. Once aboard, the Indians – as the Europeans came to call them – were forced into irons in the ship’s hold. Kidnapped from their homes and families, they were taken on a six-week journey across the Atlantic. Not all the captives survived the voyage. Those who did survive, Squanto among them, were brought to Malaga off the coast of Spain to be sold as slaves.

Gordon-MacRae-Falsely-Accused-Priest-before-the-mayflower-pilgrims-and-priests-2

Fortunately for Squanto, and later for our Pilgrims, Spain was a Catholic country. Seventy-seven years earlier, envisioning injustices visited upon the indigenous peoples Of the New World, Pope Paul III issued “Sublimis Dei,” a papal bull forbidding Catholic governments from enslaving or mistreating Indians from the Americas. The Pope declared that Indians are “true men” who could not lawfully be deprived of liberty. “Sublimis Dei” instructed that European intervention into the lives of Indians had to be motivated by benefit to the Indians themselves. It would take America another 300 years to catch up with the Catholic Church and abolish slavery.

As a result of the papal decree, the Catholic Church in Spain was opposed to the mistreatment of Indians, and opposed to bringing them to Europe against their will. Of course, the Catholic ideal did not always prevent slave trade on the black market. At Malaga, Thomas Hunt managed to sell most of his captives, and was about to sell Squanto when two Spanish Jesuit priests intervened. The Spanish speaking priests seized Squanto who somehow convinced them to send him home. Not knowing where “home” was, the priests arranged for Squanto’s passage as a free man on a ship bound for London. It is likely that the Jesuits even baptized Squanto as a Catholic. It would have been a way to assure his status as a free man.

Squanto’s world tour was underway. In late 1614, having no idea where he was, Squanto walked into the London office of John Slaney, manager of the Bristol Company, a shipping and merchant venture that had been given rights to the Isle of Newfoundland by England’s King James I in 1610. Squanto spent the next three years stranded in London before being placed on a ship bound for St. John’s, Newfoundland in 1617. By now fully immersed in the language and ways of the English, Squanto spent another two years stranded in Newfoundland – 1,000 miles of sea and rocky coast still separating him from his native Patuxet.

Late in 1619, Squanto befriended Thomas Dermer, a British Merchant in Newfoundland who agreed to sail Squanto home, though neither knew where home was. They knew it was south, so south they sailed. Squanto eventually recognized a Patuxet landmark – maybe even what we came to call Plymouth Rock.

With Thomas Dermer’s ship anchored off Patuxet, Squanto stepped onto the shores of home after a nearly six year absence. But the people of The Dawn Land – Squanto’s people – were no more. Squanto was devastated to learn that disease had ravaged his home in his absence, and not a single Patuxet native had survived. Squanto was alone.

Squanto knew he could not remain there. He convinced Thomas Dermer to accompany him inland in search of anyone among his people who might have survived. There was no one. It wasn’t long before both men were taken captive by Massasoit, sachem of what had been a confederation of 20,000 native Massachuset and Wampanoag tribal peoples. By the time Squanto and Thomas Dermer stood captive before Massasoit, however, all but 1,000 of them were dead from diseases carried to the New World aboard European vessels.

Just weeks later, it was to this setting that the Mayflower’s naive and ill-prepared Pilgrims arrived to face the winter of 1620 in the New World. Squanto, now alone – his life ravaged and his home and people destroyed – convinced Massasoit to send him to the Pilgrims as a negotiator and interpreter instead of attacking them. Squanto put his wrath aside, and became a bridge linking two disparate worlds.

Without Squanto – and, indirectly at least, the Pope and some Jesuit priests – the fate of the Puritan Pilgrims would have been vastly different, and Thanksgiving would likely have never taken place. Squanto was, as Governor William Bradford of Plymouth Plantation wrote of him,

“A spetiall instrument sent of God for their good beyond their expectations.”

On that point, both Puritans and Catholics might agree. At your Thanksgiving table this year, say a prayer of thanks for Tisquantum – Squanto. Our national ancestors were once pilgrims and strangers in a strange land, and that land’s most disenfranchised citizen assured their survival.

First-Thanksgiving

 

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About Fr. Gordon J. MacRae

The late Cardinal Avery Dulles and The Rev. Richard John Neuhaus encouraged Father MacRae to write. Cardinal Dulles wrote in 2005: “Someday your story and that of your fellow sufferers will come to light and will be instrumental in a reform. Your writing, which is clear, eloquent, and spiritually sound will be a monument to your trials.” READ MORE

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Comments

  1. Peter Haas says

    November 28, 2017 at 1:44 PM

    Wow! New Squanto. Didn’t know background.

    Pete H

    Reply
  2. Jerry Dunford says

    December 8, 2015 at 4:28 PM

    Two comments,

    First, the English settlers colonized Jamestown Virginia in 1607, 13 years before the English Pilgrims came to what is now called Plymouth, Mass.
    So in no way is/was this the first settlement by the English in the New World.

    Second. the English from Jamestown had built homes, church, barns and other structures very fast, including glass works, and other small industry.
    Of course one can be sure individually and collectively, to have crossed the Atlantic ocean and reached land and still be alive would have caused a celebration, no matter how small, and it was to give thanks to God for their success. The first recorded Thanksgiving is known as the one that occurred at the Berkley Hundred site, today known as the Berkley Plantation. This Thanksgiving celebration was in 1619, led by Captain John Woodleaf, this is the first recorded Thanksgiving, but several unofficial Thanksgivings occurred before this. So, the only thing first in reference to the Pilgrims landing at Plymouth is they were the first known English to land at Plymouth, that’s it.

    Reply
  3. Jerome says

    November 25, 2014 at 9:40 PM

    A great story, so well written, and an insightful and inspiring point that I will remember!

    Reply
  4. Imrahil says

    June 4, 2014 at 10:16 AM

    Excuse me, but as it’s always a gain to read a Chesterton quote in its proper context – not in the sense of “relativizing”, but just getting the broader picture – do you know where he said or wrote that?

    Google-searching his “works on the web” did not help, alas.

    Reply
  5. Dorothy R. Stein says

    November 12, 2012 at 9:02 PM

    I certainly hope Sarah actually read this great post because by no means is it an apologetic for the Mayflower Pilgrims. I found it to be a piece of first- rate historical scholarship, and very much worth reading at this time of year.
    The quote from G.K. Chesterton is hilarious, and says it all!

    Reply
  6. Sarah says

    November 11, 2012 at 4:38 PM

    Sir, while I do appreciate your perspective of the first Thanksgiving, my research has proven otherwise.

    Contrary to popular mythology the Pilgrims were no friends to the local Indians. They were engaged in a ruthless war of extermination against their hosts, even as they falsely posed as friends. Just days before the alleged Thanksgiving love-fest, a company of Pilgrims led by Myles Standish actively sought to chop off the head of a local chief. They deliberately caused a rivalry between two friendly Indians, pitting one against the other in an attempt to obtain “better intelligence and make them both more diligent.” An 11-foot-high wall was erected around the entire settlement for the purpose of keeping the Indians out.

    It would behoove us to read accounts of how Native Americans view the First Thanksgiving and to discover why they call it a Day of Mourning.

    Reply
  7. Mary Jean Scudieri says

    November 24, 2011 at 9:00 AM

    Thank you Father and Happy Thanksgiving. I always look forward to your writings. I will be heading out to Mass for Thanksgiving very shortly where I will be the Lector,
    You will be a part of my Mass, petition for your release and thanksgiving for learning about you and being blessed by your
    ministry. I, as always, ask God to bless you! Jeannie

    Reply
  8. Phyll says

    November 23, 2011 at 10:51 AM

    Thank you. I have joined you for one mass, and plan to do so often. I pray for your vindication. Hope you have a good thanksgiving. Stay strong Father, you are serving an awesome God.I so very much admire your courage and dedication to truth.

    Reply
  9. Susan Goldberg says

    November 23, 2011 at 2:06 AM

    Regarding Thomas Dermer, he may be a distant relative of Walter Diemer, who “invented the successful pink colored Double Bubble, bubble gum. The very first bubble gum was invented by Frank Henry Fleer in 1906. He called it Blibber-Blubber. Fleer’s recipe was later perfected by Walter Diemer, who called his product Double Bubble.” Or maybe Dermer and Diemer are not related at all! In any case, I thoroughly enjoyed your article and am going to share it with my children, my husband, and my Mother on Thanksgiving. I will follow your advice and will say a prayer of Thanksgiving for Squanto and I will also say a prayer of Thanksgiving for you! We will remember and talk about you both at the dinner table. Happy Thanksgiving, Father!

    Reply
  10. Sarah says

    November 22, 2011 at 11:43 AM

    Wishing you a Thanksgiving of blessings and friendships, Father.

    Reply
  11. Domingo says

    November 21, 2011 at 10:56 PM

    Well, you’re certainly right! My 3 children who went through grade school did educate me about the Pilgrims, and from them I’ve heard of Squanto. But I didn’t know the details until I read your post today. Thank you, Father!

    Indeed it’s God’s providence that is at work here, since He loves all His children, Catholics and Puritans alike. Your bit about Pope Paul III makes the Catholic Church more eandearing than ever, that through Her, the Holy Spirit is alive and is with us. And then again, we realize how unique and important each person is in God’s Divine Plan.

    I pray this Thanksgiving: let Your Will be done.

    Reply
  12. Liz F says

    November 21, 2011 at 10:49 PM

    Happy Thanksgiving, Fr. Gordon! We will be praying for you all extra in the next week or so. Tell Pornchai that he has my boys drawing ships! 🙂 God bless, Liz

    Reply
  13. Caroline says

    November 21, 2011 at 10:48 PM

    Thank you Father. Your Thanksgiving letter made me cry and laugh. Thank God there are people like you in the world. The fact that there are is proof how much God loves us all. We are all dependent on one another sometimes for survival and sometimes for hope. A blessed Thanksgiving to you.

    Reply
  14. jacquie Miles says

    November 21, 2011 at 9:33 PM

    Hey Gordon, you have done it again. A great history lesson which teachers ignore has come alive in your hands.
    I do appreciate you as always & will write when things settle, if ever.
    Much is happening but you are always in my prayers & as I promised, you always will be.

    Reply
  15. Sharon Morris says

    November 23, 2010 at 2:17 PM

    A blessed Thanksgiving to you, Father Gordon, to Charlene and to Pornchai. Appreciated your history.

    Reply
  16. Barb Schoeneberger says

    November 20, 2010 at 8:39 PM

    Thanks for the story of Squanto. I knew about Squanto, but not the history you gave us here. What strikes me about him is his capacity for forgiveness – a lesson for us all. God bless you, Father.

    Reply
  17. Patricia says

    November 18, 2010 at 8:41 PM

    Thank you Fr. Gordon,
    I printed out this post and will leave in out for our children and grandchildren to read. You posts are so educational and so interesting. God Bless you!!!

    Patricia
    Heb 13:3

    Reply
  18. James P Guzek says

    November 18, 2010 at 7:41 PM

    Hi Fr. MacRae,

    Thanks for the story of Squanto. I will read it at our Thanksgiving feast to the many Sudanese who come who don’t know anything about what we are celebrating!

    We are continuing to ask God to exonorate you quickly.

    In Christ,
    Jim Guzek

    Reply
  19. Michael Brandon says

    November 18, 2010 at 8:10 AM

    Another excellent article, Father Gordon.

    The connections between us, though tenuous, as I have further written, never the less, connect us in faith to Our Saviour and to each other.

    I have touched on it briefly here.
    http://freethroughtruth.blogspot.com/2010/11/thanksgiving-pilgrims-and-squanto.html

    God Bless You

    Michael

    Reply
  20. Faith says

    November 17, 2010 at 7:42 PM

    What happened to Thomas Dermer? Why didn’t he meet the Pilgrims.

    Interesting, this summer I vacationed in the Williamsburg, VA area. There’s a plantation there, Berkelee where they claim the First Thanksgiving took place. Why? John Smith et al landed there in 1614, and their minister gave thanks when their feet touched ground.

    But I protested! That’s a common reaction, after crossing the Atlantic in a small wooden ship for four months, to say, “Thank you God!!!” Besides! If one is to count clergy giving thanks to God, then you had better believe, that the Spanish priests must have celebrated a Mass of Thanksgiving when they arrived at St. Augustine, Florida, much earlier. So the Spanish were the first people to have Thanksgiving.

    Reply
    • John Nolan says

      November 30, 2014 at 7:36 PM

      Well before the Pilgrims in 1621, the English explorer Martin Frobisher and his crew celebrated a Thanksgiving at Frobisher Bay in Nunavut Canada in 1578. From Wikepedia: “Mayster Wolfall, a learned man, appointed by her Majesties Councell to be their minister and preacher, made unto them a godly sermon, exhorting them especially to be thankefull to God for their strange and miraculous deliverance in those so dangerous places …”. They celebrated Communion and “The celebration of divine mystery was the first sign, scale, and confirmation of Christ’s name, death and passion ever known in all these quarters.”[11]”

      In 1602, “…French [Catholic] settlers, having crossed the ocean and arrived in Canada with explorer Samuel de Champlain, in 1604 onwards also held huge feasts of thanks. They even formed the Order of Good Cheer and gladly shared their food with their First Nations neighbours.”

      Reply
  21. Fr. Joe says

    November 17, 2010 at 4:49 PM

    Father G., Great article. I have always enjoyed Thanksgiving. You just made it even more enjoyable. You are in my daily prayers. Semper fi, Father Joe

    Reply
  22. Esther says

    November 17, 2010 at 4:06 PM

    Mahalo Father. I plan on sharing this on my blog.
    God bless you,
    Esther

    Reply
  23. Karin says

    November 17, 2010 at 9:48 AM

    Thanks Father. I enjoyed this story last year and again this year. As an educator, what the history books don’t tell us scares me more than what they do.
    Continued prayers.

    Reply
  24. Mary says

    November 17, 2010 at 8:21 AM

    Father G,
    You make history come alive! I wish the other prisoners could see this copy of These Stone Walls Charlene and Suzanne have marvellous graphics to complement your writing.

    What an intelligent and resilient soul Squanto was and how ironic that the combination of a Catholic Pope’s proclamation and the intervention of 2 Jesuits were key ingredients in the survival of the anti Catholic puritans!

    It is a curious world and as Alice would say “It gets curiouser and curiouser!”

    Reply

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